For the most part, there are only two types of life insurance that are used. The first being term life insurance. For term life, you are opting into coverage for a chunk of time, typically between 5 and 30 years. Your premiums will be based on a number of factors, including age, health, physical condition, etc. Payouts are usually smaller but can still get pretty high up there depending on what you're willing to fork up.
The other type is whole life insurance. As the name suggests, this coverage does not expire but often costs a lot more than term life.